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Pioneer Takes Blu-ray Discs to 400GB - By using a multilayer technology

By: Traian Teglet, Technology News Editor
Softpedia

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In the world of optical media, the Blu-ray format is undoubtedly the future market standard. The technology is bound to improve and this can only mean one thing: users will be able to acquire higher capacity Blu-ray discs for less the money. Even more, to make matters only better, it seems that this technological improvement we’ve been talking about is already here. Pioneer announced today that it has succeeded in developing a 16-layer read-only optical disc with a staggering capacity of 400 gigabytes.


The company's accomplishment marks a first in the industry, as none of its many competitors have announced such a device so far. Pioneer's optical disc has a capacity of 25 gigabytes per layer and uses a technology that should also work for the creation and manufacturing of multilayer recordable discs. This means we should see higher capacity Blu-ray discs being offered on the market, despite the fact that there are some who wonder whether these discs will be compatible with current players. Details about the company's breakthrough should emerge on July 13th, on the occasion of the International Symposium on Optical Memory and Optical Data Storage 2008, when Pioneer is expected to discuss the upcoming product in all particulars.

The 16-layer optical disc technology is able of storing much more data on one disc when compared with the conventional discs. Even more, once it becomes an industry standard, it will greatly reduce the number of discs.

The Blu-ray Disc has been developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group of companies of which Pioneer has been a member of ever since the founding. Pioneer manufactures and also sells Blu-ray Discs, as well as devices meant to read and write these high-capacity optical drives. Currently, the highest capacity Blu-ray disc is built using a dual layer technology and offers approximately 50GB of storage space, making it ideal for high-definition movies.

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Intel's Upcoming CPU Tops 6GHz - Overclocked on a DFI mobo and with lot of liquid nitrogen



By: Traian Teglet, Technology News Editor
softpedia



Sometime ago, we told you about how Intel was planning to built its processors with more overclocking capabilities. Now, it seems that one of the company's yet to be officially introduced processors has already surfaced on the web as part of a couple of overclocking experiments. We are talking about the E8600, which is Intel's highest-clocked Wolfdale CPU.


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When we say highest-clocked, we mean a maximum, factory-set core frequency of 3.33GHz. Nevertheless, for some users that isn't enough and pushing the CPU's limit is all about overclocking. And the guys at the Coolaler website are all about overclocking. As you might remember, these guys were also the ones responsible for overclocking an Intel CPU at 5GHz, which was displayed at this year's Computex show. Back then, they used an Intel quad-core processor and an MSI motherboard. This time around, they went for DFI's LP UT P35 mobo and the E8600 CPU.

The result was a CPU clocked at over 6GHz, cooled down by a lot of liquid nitrogen. The CPU was installed on a system that included 4GB of DDR2 memory and the Radeon HD 4870 graphics card.


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Initially, the CPU was clocked at 6000.2MHz but that speed was raised to 6146.9 in a later overclocking attempt. The guys at Coolaler managed to attain the 6.14GHz mark by taking the processor's FSB to a maximum of 614MHz, from the standard 333MHz. This ultimately proves that Intel's upcoming 45nm Core 2 Duo will be a delight for all those overclocking enthusiasts out there.

Such practices of taking the CPU speed upwards of the standard limit are not approved by Intel, so if a user wants to push the limit of his processor, he might end up by losing the CPU warranty. But, even so, the 6.14GHz mark, reached by the guys at Coolaler, isn't something everybody can achieve. And that mainly happens because highly overclocked CPUs require a powerful cooling system, one that is most likely based on liquid nitrogen.



:)....منو لنا هالشغل!!!.........كذلك منو بروسسور رسميا عسرعة 6 كما هو واضح لكن تم زيادة سرعته بطرق خاصة ....عرفنا شلون!!!

السلام عليكم

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Samsung Starts Mass-Producing Affordable 128GB SSDs - Multi-level cell (MLC)-based solid state drives to arrive very soon


By: Alex Vochin, Technology Editor
Softpedia


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SSDs (or solid state drives) will represent the next big boom in storage, and for this reason, the main players on the market are already ramping up their production capacities in order to meet future demand. And in order to prove their commitment to this market segment, the Korean giant Samsung has announced that it has started mass-producing 1.8- and 2.5-inch multi-level cell (MLC)-based solid state drives (SSD) with a 128 Gigabyte (GB) storage capacity. Speed is one of the main points of attraction flash-based storage solutions generally offer, and that's also the case with Samsung's SSD. The unit has a write speed of 70MB/s and a read speed of 90MB/s, these levels of performance being quite close to those provided by single-level-cell (SLC)-based SSDs now in mass production, according to Samsung.

We've talked about the speed, now let's see what's actually inside Samsung's storage unit. Featuring a 3.0 gigabit-per-second interface, the 128GB MLC-based SSD comprises 64 MLC NAND flash memory chips of 16 gigabits each, optimized single-chip controller technology and advanced flash-management firmware technology, which combine to create a very reliable storage solution.

Additionally, the new 128GB SSD is quite tough, both on the inside and on the outside. For starters, it is supposed to provide a higher level of reliability and a longer functioning life, lasting approximately 20 times longer than the generally accepted 4-5 year life span of a notebook PC hard drive. Then, the device (which measures 100mm x 69.8mm and is only 9.5mm thick, which makes it perfect for notebook use) is enclosed in a metallic case, which further protects it against shocks.

"With the 64 GB and 128 GB MLC SSDs, we are satisfying the density requirements of most business users and many PC enthusiasts, who will appreciate not only the performance gains and added reliability, but also the more attractive pricing," said Jim Elliott, vice president, memory marketing, Samsung Semiconductor, Inc., proving, once again, that the SSD segment is extremely important for the Korean company.

Actually, this announcement follows a series of very bold (or even aggressive) moves on the SSD market, which included the release of a 64 GB SSD back in the second half of 2007, as well as a statement revealing the company’s intentions of starting mass production on a 256-GB version by this year's end. And it's no wonder that they're so eager to pump low-cost SSDs towards consumers, especially since the sales in this particular segment of the storage solution market are expected to increase by a whopping 800 percent by 2010.



من أجل من لا يعرف ما هو الـ SSD تفضلوا هذا التعريف (من SearchStorage):



DEFINITION - An SSD (solid-state drive or solid-state disk) is a storage device that stores persistent data on solid-state flash memory. SSDs actually aren't hard drives at all, in the traditional sense of the term, as there are no moving parts involved. Instead, an SSD has an array of semiconductor memory organized as a disk drive, using integrated circuits (ICs) rather than magnetic or optical media.

This arrangement has many advantages. Data transfer to and from solid-state drives is much faster than electromechanical disk drives. Seek time and latency are also substantially reduced. Users typically enjoy much faster boot times as well. In general, SSDs are also more durable and much quieter, with no moving parts to break or spin up or down. SSDs do, however, have slower write times and a set life expectancy, as there is a finite number of erase/write cycles before performance becomes erratic.

Development and adoption of SSDs has been driven by a rapidly expanding need for higher input/output performance. High performance laptops, desktops or any application that needs to deliver information in real-time or near real-time can benefit from SSDs. Historically, SSDs have been much more expensive than conventional hard drives. Due to improvements in manufacturing technology and expanded chip capacity, however, prices have dropped, leading both consumers and enterprise-level customers to re-evaluate SSDs as viable, if still expensive, alternatives to conventional storage.

In recent years, SSDs have been used in enterprise storage to speed up applications and performance without the cost of adding additional servers. According to storage expert Rick Cook, one of the most potent uses of SSDs is to employ them as a "super cache" in a SAN, dramatically speeding up access to frequently accessed files or applications.

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Carbon Nanotubes Get Sorted, Organized- Researchers take a step forward towards developing next-generation computers
By: Gabriel Gache, Science News Editor
Softpedia

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Image illustrating the different carbon nanotube growing patterns. To the left you can see tubes grown on crystalline quartz compared to those grown on silicon wafers
Credits: Stanford University Department of Electrical Engineering









Producing carbon nanotubes is easy – scientists cracked that secret more than a decade ago, albeit making them grow in an orderly fashion is somewhat more complicated. Or at least it was, because two teams of researchers have recently proven new methods through which carbon nanotubes can be sorted and organized so that they can be successfully used to create new high performance electronic devices.

The two main disadvantages with current electronics is that they are built mostly using two types of materials, conductors and semiconductors, and that the physical limit to chip minimization is already drawing nearer. Semiconductors have given us all there was to give but now it’s time for a change. Not only that carbon nanotubes provide the solution to the problems regarding minimization, but they can also be used to create both conductor and semiconductor materials.

The current technology used to develop carbon nanotubes however, is mostly flawed by the fact that it relies largely on luck. The nanotubes will grow eventually, but there is no way to control the processes that can make a carbon nanotube exclusively conductor or semiconductor, nor can their shape be influenced.

"An ant is incredibly strong for its size. But nobody uses ants to do useful work, because they all run around in different directions," says Mike Mayberry, the director of component research for Intel.

Thus, ever since they have been discovered, scientists have been struggling with nanotubes of all sizes, shapes and molecular structures. A carbon nanotube is basically a microscopic cylinder with single or multiple walls formed of 'sheets' of interlocked carbon atoms. They can grow as thin as one nanometer in diameter and up to a couple of centimeters long, resulting in structures with a ratio of 30 million to one between length and width.

Because they are basically held together only by atomic bonds, carbon nanotubes are extremely strong and have exceptional electrical properties at the same time; in the end, whether a carbon nanotube becomes a good conductor or a semiconductor depends only on the way the carbon sheet is rolled up.

Carbon nanotubes can become useful to the semiconductor industry only if they can be integrated on silicon chips. Growing them directly on the silicon wafer ultimately results in disordered patterns, although researchers from Stanford's electrical engineering department have revealed in a paper last month that this problem can be easily solved if the tubes are grown on crystalline quartz. This creates orderly rows of carbon nanotubes which can then be transferred onto silicon chips, to create a working electronic device.

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LCDs Have a More Efficient Competitor - There would be faster response times and brighter images with the novel pixel design
By: Ionut Arghire, Windows Editor
Softpedia

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Scientists at Microsoft Research published an article in Nature Photonics in which they announce the development of a new pixel design. It consists of a pair of mirrors attached to the pixel, allowing it to work faster, be brighter and more power efficient than today's liquid crystal displays (LCDs). The mirrors would block or transmit light as necessary, and the system is said to be simpler and easier to fabricate than LCDs, meaning that it would also be cheaper.

Half of the global TV market is covered by LCDs today. Also, they represent the most common technology used for cell phone displays and flat-panel computer monitors. There
seem to be a few reasons that stop the liquid crystal display from offering the best image quality. The first of them is that the pixels in a LCD do not turn completely off. Besides that, they need an average of about 25 to 40 milliseconds to switch from black to white and otherwise, which creates a blurring effect on fast moving images.

Another very important reason for the lack of performance LCDs come with is the fact that they are almost impossible to use in bright light. "There is nothing in LCD technology that stands out," says Sriram Peruvemba, vice president of marketing at electronic-paper pioneer E Ink, based in Cambridge, MA. "The only reason it has done well is it's the lowest price [flat-panel] display today."

While the LCD displays prove to be faulty in many aspects, the new telescopic pixels have more performance. Firstly, they have the ability of completely turning off, and that in only 1.5 milliseconds. The ultra fast response time means that the color display will be simpler and cheaper, says Michael Sinclair from Microsoft Research.

In order to create a specific color, a pixel in LCDs lights up simultaneously at different intensities three subpixels: red, green and blue. There is also a separate transistor circuit that controls each subpixel, and that translates into a complex circuit. For the telescopic display, red, green and blue light emitting diods can be put behind each pixel and they would be lit up sequentially to create a color shade. Sinclair says that, this way, "complexity and cost of today's LCD" would be reduced.

The novel pixel design is a few times brighter then LCD

Another important feature of the telescopic pixels is the significantly higher brightness they offer. The LCD has only five to ten percent of the light coming out, as it has to pass through the polarizing films, the liquid-crystal layer, and the color filters. With the telescopic pixels, about 36 percent of light would be allowed to come through. "I could get by with a less-powerful backlight, because the telescopic pixel is more efficient," Sinclair says. Having a greater brightness would allow the novel pixel design to be more efficiently used in bright sunlight.

Two micro mirrors are used by the new pixels to block or let the light pass. One is an aluminum disc 100-micrometer-wide and 100-nanometer-thick which has a hole in the center. The other is placed right in front of the hole and has the same dimension. The light is projected from behind the second mirror on the disc shaped one. While the pixel is in the "off" state, both mirrors send the light back to the source. In the "on" state, the light bounces to the second mirror and then comes out through the hole.

The pixels are fabricated by the researchers in a layered fashion, similar to the way silicon chips are manufactured. According to Sinclair, the telescopic design needs fewer layers, which means it is simpler to fabricate than LCDs. The disc shaped mirror is bent by a small voltage applied to an electrode, which is made from indium titanium oxide at this moment, an industry standard. Still, they consider making the electrodes from an extremely thin aluminum layer that would become nearly transparent. The production process would be simplified, and the costs lowered even more.

According to Peruvemba, although the new pixel technology presents advantages over today's LCDs, the mechanical parts are likely to compromise robustness. "There are literally hundreds of thousands to millions of little shutterlike devices that have a mechanical movement," he says. "In most devices, what fails first are the mechanical parts."

Other ideas in the field have also appeared to the surface. While LCD and the new telescopic display have a backlight from which they transmit light, others came up with a display that reflects ambient light. Qualcomm has a new display with MEMS-based pixels set for launch this year on three different cell phones, and has announced a color screen for an MP3 player. E Ink, a black-and-white e-paper displays seller, also announced color and video prototypes.

Compared to LCDs, these displays do not need backlight and constant refreshing. The screen looks even better when more light is around it. "We're not competing with bright ambient light--we're taking advantage of all that sunlight," says Brian Gally, director of engineering at Qualcomm MEMS Technologies. "So it's really analogous to paper."

According to Sinclair, Microsoft Research aims at large, low-cost computer screens. He says that any IT worker dreams of one. There will not be a small screen on which you would have to toggle windows, but a "whiteboard-sized thin screen" to work on.

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Dye-Based Solar Cell Sets New Efficiency Record- New high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cell created using volatile chemicals


By: Gabriel Gache, Science News Editor
Softpedia


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Flexible, low cost, lightweight solar panels may soon become a viable new source of mainstream electric energy with the help of a new type of solar cell invented recently at the Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, incorporating organic materials instead of typical rigid ones, such as silicon. The new solar cell is also said to have a high efficiency and high stability, lacking the volatile chemicals that are
currently used in the construction of solar panels.

"We have uncovered new findings on old solar-cell materials and created high-performance cells," said Peng Wang of the Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, part of the team detailing the new findings.

The new prototype is formed of three major components, two of which being semiconductors while the other is an electrolytic liquid formed out of a salt dissolved in a solvent. As sunlight hits the solar cell, the electrolytic solution and the semiconductors work together in splitting the electron-hole pairs created by the photosensitive dye while absorbing photons of light.

According to the research team, this design has and efficiency rate of 8.2 percent, while the conversion rates of some of the most efficient dye-sensitized solar cells reach a maximum of 11 percent. Generally, high efficiency dye-based cells also contain volatile solvents in the electrolytic solution, which eventually escape through the plastic seals of the cell, presenting potential risk for the environment.

The prototype showed by Wang presents no such solvents, having electrolytes created out of a mix of three solid salts dissolved inside a special liquid solvent, allowing impressive conductivity and stability. "The performance of our solar cell now matches that of cells that use volatile solvents. This is an important step toward the production of large-scale outdoor dye-sensitized solar cells," said Wang.

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Kingston Bumps Its SDHC Memory Cards to 32 GB- The 32GB Elite Pro SDHC Flash memory card

By: Alex Vochin, Technology Editor
Softpedia


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SDHC (Secure Digital High Capacity) memory cards have come to replace the old SDs, providing both higher storage capacities and transfer speeds for just about any type of device, ranging from digital cameras to portable music players. And even if there are relatively few users who actually do need so much storage space, the people over at Kingston have just announced the release of an Elite Pro SDHC Flash memory card with a capacity of 32 GB.

As Kingston informs us, pretty much in the same way as most other similar, high-capacity SD cards, this model is targeting especially the owners of various HD recording solutions, whether we're talking about camcorders or digital cameras. The manufacturer also provides a few figures, boasting about the fact that the new 32GB Elite Pro SDHC card can capture more than 6,000 still images (with a 10MP camera) and over eight hours of video (for 6Mbps HD Extended recording).

Additionally, the storage solution also features a built-in write-protect switch that prevents accidental data loss, is Speed Class 4 compliant (reaches a maximum data transfer rate of around 4MB/sec), is compatible with the FAT32 file system and measures just around 24mm x 32 mm x 2.1mm.

"Our new 32GB Elite Pro SDHC memory card is optimized to meet the demands of high capacity and fast write speeds to help consumers share their lives through the use of video, photography and other creative devices. With the addition of the 32GB capacity card, Kingston is at the forefront of offering a versatile line of SDHC solutions to solve a variety of needs in today's digital imaging world," said Wendy Lecot, Flash business manager, Kingston, regarding the company's latest product.

The 32GB Elite Pro SDHC Flash memory card has an MSRP of 308 US dollars, which is quite a hefty sum, compared to other storage media available on the market. However, since the prices of flash modules have recorded quite a steep decrease over the past couple of months, this price point is likely to go down even further, making the storage solution more affordable for a wider range of customers.

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Laws of Attraction: Most Powerful Magnet Under Construction
The magnet withstands forces of 100 Tesla

By Dan Talpalariu, Science Editor
Softpedia


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Experts from the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, located in Tallahassee, close to Florida State University, are currently undergoing operations required for the creation of the most potent magnet built to date. The Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico will house the object 2 million times more powerful than the magnet of your average refrigerator, which, upon completion, is said to be able to resist forces equal to the explosion of 200 dynamite sticks.




I'm sure the first question that pops in your minds (it was the same for me as well) is either "Why?" or "What for?" Well, the director of the laboratory, Greg Boebinger, answers that this $10 million solution is the only way of testing the behavior of the recently discovered high-temperature superconductors (such as iron oxyarsenide) that improve and lower the cost of MRI devices (magnetic resonance imaging machines, particularly used in medicine in order to obtain accurate pictures of any plane of the body) or high-voltage power lines. Even more, such magnets would allow scientists to perform zero gravity tests and experiments on Earth and discover means of magnetic propulsion in order to replace the fuel burning ones.
They are still 10 Tesla away from the targeted 100 T goal. Boebinger states that "We've been running it at the hairy edge" without destroying it. The challenge they’re facing is to build a magnet that will still resist after reaching that limit, as other previous attempts that breached this barrier caused the respective magnets to collapse under their own force. This happens because of a phenomenon known as the Lorentz force, an electromagnetic force that tries to drive electrons perpendicularly on the current flow. The director of the lab says that in such a magnet, we're talking about the "equivalent to the explosive force of 200 sticks of dynamite packed into a volume of space the size of a marble."

Skipping the tons of technical data, it can be stated that the device will be comprised of 2 parts: a thick and hollow cylinder (the outsert) measuring 1.5 m both in height and in diameter, and an insert fitting the 225 mm bore of the outsert. During the 2 second power-up of the outsert (it can only withstand that much at a time), so much energy is transferred that its temperature rises from that of liquid nitrogen to almost 200°C. An hour must pass before the operation can be reiterated, because that’s how long it takes for the cooling process to be complete. Boebinger says the $8 million outsert part will hold for about 10.000 pulses while the $20.000 insert piece will only resist to around 100 pulses. He says that "Simply put, pulse magnets are applied metal fatigue. The trick is to hold off the breakdown of the bonds between the molecules due to mechanical and thermal stresses for as long as you can."

He and his team provided the magnet with 9 nested wire coils, with 2 of them (the innermost ones) registering Lorentz forces that create pressures 30 times that on the bottom of the ocean. It is there where the researchers placed nanoparticle wires composed of 82% copper and threaded through with a few hundred atoms-across silver strands. This combination is 100 times stronger than any of the 2 metals alone. After crossing that border, things become easier, according to Boebinger: "The further out you go, the lesser the forces are, so you can afford to use material that is not as strong and not nearly as expensive."

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Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 9 – 1 Billion and Counting
Windows is not going anywhere, it's that simple
By Marius Oiaga, Technology News Editor
Softpedia



Is Windows dead? Or, at least, is this the beginning of the end for Microsoft's proprietary operating system? And, if so, what solution/platform will be THE Windows killer? It's not like candidates are in short supply. From the Google Browser (Chrome) to Linux, Mac OS X, to RIA platforms, to dedicated thin clients, to Microsoft's very own Singularity and Midori non-Windows operating systems, Windows killers come in a variety of flavors, but none with sufficient kick to wash down Microsoft's flagship OS for good. At least, not for the time being.



Windows 8 and Beyond

Microsoft has debuted planning for Windows 7 even before Windows Vista hit the shelves at the end of January 2007. And, approximately a year ahead of the delivery of Vista's successor, the company is looking beyond Windows 7, planning for Windows 8, and even beyond that, for Windows 9. Even though it is indeed exploring non-Windows alternatives, with all indications pointing to the Midori incubation ending up as a commercial project, while Singularity will remain a research-focused initiative, Microsoft is, in fact, committed to Windows.

Following Vista's general availability, predictions pointed to the sure death of the mammoth Windows release. But Vista was not the last one of its kind, and neither will be Windows 7. The reason is sufficiently simple. Microsoft needs to ensure that the ecosystem of software and hardware products continue to integrates seamlessly with the operating system (ensuring support for legacy solutions) and, by doing this, delivering the best possible user experience to all customers – and they are quite a few, with Windows' install base of 1 billion strong and counting.

Microsoft Technical Fellow Mark Russinovich has revealed, in a recent interview, that he is “working on Windows and day to day kind of architectural oversight and input into feature teams about what they're doing with the current release of Windows – Windows 7, as we're seeing that through to the competition and then also doing longer range things with Windows like architecturally where should Windows be going, what are the important things Windows should be addressing in the next five years. So looking further out past Windows 7, into Windows 8, Windows 9.”





But What If the Ecosystem Turned on Microsoft?

The latest signs of what is advertised as a widening crevasse between Microsoft and its traditional partners come from HP. Reports indicate that Hewlett-Packard has put together a customer experience group designed to enhance Windows (specifically Windows Vista), in concordance with new touchscreen technology - this, even if Windows 7, Microsoft's next iteration of the Windows client will feature touch capabilities by default. In addition, HP is also rumored to have considered building an in-house operating system, based on the open source Linux platform, in order to make its hardware independent from Windows.

Phil McKinney, chief technology officer in HP's personal systems group, confirmed to BusinessWeek the existence and work of the HP customer experience group. But, otherwise, McKinney denied any HP efforts of building an operating system to replace Windows. “Our customers are looking for insanely simple technology where they don't have to fight with the technology to get the task done. For us, it's about innovating on top of Vista,” he stated. Of course HP is flirting with Linux, and so are Dell, Intel and additional Microsoft partners, but this doesn't mean that Windows is going anywhere. Despite the inroads made by Apple into the PC market, the Cupertino-based Mac maker has an impact largely limited to the US. Internationally, Microsoft's OEM partners own the computer market with the biggest opportunities for growth on emerging markets.


“I think that one of the things that you have seen Windows doing over the last couple of years is reaching out and working more closely with the hardware partners, with the OEMs, to make sure that the systems delivered to users provide a good Windows experience and not one where Windows is loaded with a bunch of junk and also that the hardware is designed and capable of running Windows the way it should be run. And no “hey lets save a few dollars and put in 512 MB of RAM instead of the couple of GB that really make Windows.” When you talk about the amount of cost for that these days, it's marginal and really the difference in user experience when you look at that is pretty drastic. So I think that's the way that we should continue to have these deeper partnerships with companies to make sure that customers do get a great experience,” Russinovich stated.




And What If Microsoft Started Building Its Own Hardware?
وهاد اللي عم تعملو ... المتابع بيعرف .!!!

The commitment to build Windows 7, Windows 8 and then Windows 9 is intimately connected with the strong response from OEMs to continue supporting the operating system. Microsoft accounts for in excess of 80% of the revenue of its Windows client division from licenses associated with Windows pre-loaded on new computers. But a divorce between Microsoft and OEMs could go both ways, as the Redmond company could develop and sell its own hardware. Microsoft Hardware is an excellent example of how the company has ventured past software, although the division is strictly focused on peripherals. Russinovich confirmed, however, that there had been discussions inside Microsoft in relation to adopting an Apple-model, by developing both the hardware and the software to go along with it.

“There's a lot of discussion about that and not just in the industry but also within Microsoft. Should we be developing the Windows notebook, or the Windows desktop. My opinion is that what has made Windows so successful is the fact that it's got an ecosystem with partners that are developing software and doing different things with hardware and software. And for us to block all that innovation, to block up that playground that people have to do cool things for customers that we can't think of, or have the agility to do, I think it's not the way that Windows has gotten successful and I don't think it's the right thing to do now. Not even in response to what people see as market pressure coming from other people that are doing that,” Russinovich revealed.

Turning to alternatives such as Linux or dedicated OSes, limited to just a handful of tasks, is a business strategy that could potentially bypass Windows altogether. And, indeed, there is a consumer segment that wants a non-Windows alternative. Nevertheless, there is one inherent design flaw to such a scenario, namely locking out the ecosystem of third party solutions that currently orbits around Windows. In the end, a PC is not about a device with limited functionality, or that drastically reduces choice for consumers. The PC has never been about that. Windows has never been about that.

“The desktop PC (or laptop) is different because there is only a single PC and the roles are not as well defined. Only in the rarest cases is that PC dedicated to a single purpose. And [...] the reality is that we see very few PCs that run only a specific piece of software and in nearly every study we have ever done, just about every PC runs at least one piece of software that other people do not run,” revealed Senior Vice President, Windows and Windows Live Engineering Group, Steven Sinofsky, at the beginning of September.

Both Russinovich and Sinofsky indicated that, as Windows evolved, and especially for Windows 7, the Redmond company would, in fact, be working closer with OEMs. This because, in the end, it is not only new computers selling Windows, but also the Windows operating system helping the sales of new machines. Microsoft and its OEM partners continue to have a strong business model together, and a viable alternative to that is yet to be available.

“For Windows 7, we are working closely with our OEM partners to make sure it is possible to deliver the most streamlined experience possible. Of course OEMs have a ton of flexibility and differentiation opportunities in what they offer as part of setting up a new PC, and what we want to do is make sure that the “core OS” portion of this is the absolute minimum required to get to the fun of using your PC,” Sinofsky explained.

[الزاهر]

فلتكونوا على بينة مما هو قادم !!!



Some Vital Chemical Elements May Soon Become Extinct
Just like oil, important elements are becoming scarce as well
By Dan Talpalariu, Science Editor
Softpedia



Peak oil (lowering oil supplies), once ignored as a problem for a distant future, is bound to happen soon. Although this fact is far less known, copper, phosphorus and some rare chemical elements face the same impending doom.



Actually, it's us who are facing it. You may not be aware of what the disappearance of copper or phosphorus could mean, so here comes an explanation; be sure to read it, as it will at least make you ponder.



For example, when speaking of cars, people are far more concerned about (or aware of) the oil-related problems. But platinum supplies, a rare metal used for its catalytic converter, are also running low. Science is in great need of such rare elements as well: Europium has unique optical, magnetic and electrical properties and there's no known substitute for it. It is used in flat monitor and TV technology, as well as for advanced batteries, engines, hard disks and lasers. The same goes for Indium (also used for GPSes or glass coatings), which may be depleted in 2017.


These were just the tiny examples. Here comes the heavy artillery. As human bodies, which contain about 1 kg of phosphorus, rely on it for their survival, so do plants. Together with potassium and nitrogen, it's one of the top 3 elements used for fertilizing. Africa and Australia are faced with a severe lack of this element in their soil, which leads to extremely low farm yields.



Researches estimate a peak for phosphorus (when its production will begin to decline) for 2034, which is not very far from now. Imagine what lack of it would mean for agriculture as we know it. Stephen Jasinski, a scientist at U.S. Geological Survey told WhyFiles that “There is some concern, with a growing population, with its need for food, increased use of fertilizer, and with biofuels coming on, about having enough phosphate for fertilizer in the future, but we're not going to run out in 100 years. We could be out in 200 to 300 years, so it is probably good to look at [recycling] in the future.”



Another illustrative example concerns copper, the metal discovered and exploited from ancient ages. In various alloys, it has been with us from weapons to coins to electricity (and engines and pipes, and so on). Its price is now 3 times that registered in 2003. Studies point out that, in about 60 years (or less, considering the growing needs of the ever-advancing technology), mines could become exhausted. Those who depend on electricity, which means almost the entire planet, will suffer the consequences. Again, recycling while still possible is just a temporary option.



The scarceness of these materials will lead to an enormous economic crisis. Imagine the chaos, both economical and social, generated by the huge prices for the decreasing reserves of, say, energy-conducting copper. But, besides that, there's another point that causes a lot of concerns. While fuels such as oil can be replaced (by switching from oil to alternative sources of energy, like coal, water, wind, Earth's heat or the sun), these can't. Perhaps in light of these facts, recycling gets a whole new meaning.

[الزاهر]

..::بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم::..



Ubuntu ... أوبونتو ... النظام الرائع



Ubuntu هو نظام تشغيل للحواسيب أصله نظام لينكس، مجاني ومفتوح المصدر. و "Ubuntu" كلمة إفريقة الأصل ويمكن ترجمتها للعربية كـ "الإنسان كائن إجتماعي". والنظام يعزز هذا المبدأ بكل تفاصيله. وأوبونتو متوفر بنسختين : نسخة المخدمات "Server Edition" ونسخة الحواسيب الشخصية "Desktop Edition" سواء كانت مكتبية أم محمولة. وسواء كان استخدامه منزلي أو للعمل أو للدراسة أو للبرمجة فإنك ستجد منه التميز في هذه المجالات.

وتلتزم الشركة المطورة بأن يبقى أوبونتو مجاني دوما حيث لا تدفع ثمن رخصة ملكية نهائيا كما لباقي الشركات ويمكنك تنزيله عن موقعهم مجانا ونسخه ونقله لأي جهاز بدون أي مقابل.
حتى أن أي شخص حول العالم يمكنه طلب نسخة مجانية على قرص ضوئي تصله بالبريد كذلك دون أي مقابل ولا حتى تكلفة القرص!!!

النظام لا يتطلب مواصفات خيالية ليعمل كما تتطلب الأنظمة الحديثة. فأي جهاز فيه ما يزيد عن 180 ميغا بايت من الذاكرة الحية يمكنه تشغيله وحتى الأجهزة التي لا تملك هذا القدر يمكن تزويدها بنسخة خاصة للأجهزة الضعيفة خصصتها الشركة لهذا الشأن. وفقط للتقريب فنظام ويندوز فيستا وبحسب شركته مايكروسوفت يتطلب "جهاز قادر على تشغيل فيستا" وذلك يعني ما لا يقل عن 512 من الذاكرة الحية بالإضافة إلى بطاقة فيديو حديثة ... وتنصح الشركة بأن تكون الذاكرة الحية 1 جيغا وما فوق وأن تكون بطاقة الفيديو تتحمل فيستا أيرو "Vista Aero" يعني ما لا يقل عن 128 ميغا بايت ذاكرة صورية ... فتأمل!!! .. وكما سيأتي لاحقا فإن أوبونتو من الناحية الجمالية لا يقل شأنا أبدا عن ويندوز فيستا لا بل يفوقه مع أن فيستا يتطلب أضعافا مضاعفة ما يحتاجه أوبونتو !!!

كذلك للتقريب فلقد ذكرنا بأن أوبونتو مجاني ... ويمكنك طلبه من أي مكان بالعالم ويصلك بدون أية تكلفة .. فحري بنا ذكر تكلفة نظام ويندوز الجديد ... فالنسخة المنزلية منه ثمنها يقارب المئتي دولار أمريكي والنسخة المعززة ثمنها يقارب 250 دولار أما النسخة الكاملة فثمنها يقارب 400 دولار أمريكي !!!! ... :)


أوبونتو متوفر بعدة نسخ ... نذكر أهمها:
Ubuntu وهي النسخة الأساس وتصدر من الشركة الأصل
Edubuntu وهي نسخة مخصصة للطلاب والأساتذة وهي تصدر من الشركة الأصل
Kubuntu وهي نسخة تستخدم KDE كنظام تصفح وهي تصدر من الشركة الأصل
Xubuntu وهي نسخة الأجهزة الضعيفة وكذلك هي تصدر من الشركة الأصل

وهذه النسخ تجدد كل ستة أشهر، في الشهر الرابع والعاشر من كل عام ومن هنا يأتي رقمها ... فالنسخة التي ستصدر في نهاية الشهر القادم سيكون رقمها 8.10 أي الشهر العاشر من عام 2008 وسيطلق عليها اسم مميز كما جرت العادة وسيكون هذه المرة "Interpid Ibex" وكل نسخة يطلقون عليها اسم حيوان ما منذ أول نسخة وحتى اليوم .... سواء كان الحيوان حقيقيا أو خرافيا من الأساطير.

وهناك نسخ أخرى منفصلة عن الشركة الأصل نذكر منها :
Ubuntu Muslim Edition وهي نسخة تأتي مزودة بشكل اسلامي وبرامج إسلامية من مثل برنامج منبه أوقات الصلاة والمؤذن وبرنامج المصحف للتصفح والبحث والاستماع وبرنامج المكتبة وفلتر للمواقع الغير مناسبة والكثير من الخدمات التي تهم المستخدم المسلم وهي متوفرة على الموقع التالي: Ubuntume.com

Ubuntu Studio Edition وهي نسخة تأتي مزودة ببرامج تحرير الصوتيات والفيديو الإحترافية.


ومن أهم خصائص النظام بأنه مجاني بالكامل هو وجميع برامجه ثم إنها عالية الجودة ومفتوحة المصدر ويمكن إيجادها بكل سهولة من ضمن النظام ولا داعي لطول بحث وعناء ولا داعي للجوء لمحركات البحث حتى !!!

والنظام يتميز بشكل مريح للنظر وواضح يتميز بمؤثرات جميلة عند تحريك الشبابيك والعناصر وتغيير أحجامها تفوق في جودتها وجمالها تلك المتوفرة في ويندوز فيستا ولا تتطلب سوى أجزاء ما يتطلبه فيستا من ذاكرة صورية. ويمكن تعديل خصائص شكل النظام بكل تفاصيلها لتريح المستخدم وتعطيه الحرية الكاملة في ترتيبها كيفما يشاء وتغيير ألوان اللوائح وشفافيتها وأماكنها على عكس فيستا!!

كما أن النظام يمتلك خاصية تعدد سطوح العمل فيمكن أن تكون واحدة أو 10 أو ما تختار وهذا يسهل استخدام الجهاز والبرامج للي متل محسوبكم هون بيكون فاتح 7 برامج وعم يشتغل فهم كلهم بنفس الوئت!!!! :)


وأوبونتو يتميز بسرعة تشغيل الجهاز وسرعة إيقافه بعكس فيستا و XP تماما ... وهو نظام مستقر قلما تجد منه عدم استجابة وهو آمن جدا بما أن ليس له أي فيروسات !!!


كما أنه نظام يمكن تشغيله من على القرص الضوئي مباشرة بدون الحاجة لنصيبه على الجهاز ويمكن بعد تشغيله من على القرص الضوئي تنزيه على القرص الصلب من دون الحاجة لإعادة تشغيل الجهاز حتى!!! وعملية تنصيبه جد سهلة بحيث يسألك في البداية عن كل ما يلزمه ثم يبدأ عمله وينهيه بدون أن يحتاج منك إدخال أية معلومة لاحقا . وتنصيبه عملية جد سهلة وواضحة وحتى من لم تكن له تجارب سابقة في هذا المجال والمبتدئين يمكنهم إنهائها بدون أية صعوبات. كما أنه بطريقة بسيطة يمكن نقل التنصيب إلى UFD (USB Flash Disk ) في حال كان سيستخدم على جهاز لا يحتوي قارئة أقراص ضوئية. ويمكن تنصيبه بلغات عديدة منها العربية فتكون عملية التنصيب كاملة باللغة العربية وحتى واجهة النظام واللوائح. وتجدر الملاحظة هنا بأن أوبونتو يقدم دعم للغة العربية مميز (وغيرها من لغات العالم) لا يصل فيستا إلى قريب منه أبدا !!!!

وأوبونتو يمكن تنصيبه على جهاز سبق وزود بنظام ويندوز سواء إكس بي أو فيستا وهو بنفسه سيتفهم الوضع ويعطي المستخدم خيار الإقلاع من كلا النظامين أما العكس فليس بصحيح. كما أن أوبونتو يمكنه تشغيل الأقراص الصلبة من نظام NTFS بشكل طبعي وقرائتها والكتابة عليها وليست لديه أية مشاكل مع الملفات العربية بعكس ويندوز !!

وأول ما يلاحظه من كان يستخدم ويندوز سابقا عند تشغيل أوبونتو للمرة الأولى عدة أمور أهمها أن الإنتقال من ويندوز لأوبونتو سهل جدا فالأمور في أوبونتو وأماكن الملفات والأقراص أوضح حتى من ويندوز وأمر أهم بأن نظام ويندوز بعد تنزيله مباشرة يقدم فقط برامج قليلة لا تمكن المستخدم من كتابة رسالة بالشكل المناسب حتى. أما أوبونتو فيأتي مزودا بالبرامج الأساسية التي تسمح للمستخدم بشكل مبدأي باستخدام جهازه للقيام بأية مهمة من كتابة الرسائل والكتب حتى تحرير الصور والصوتيات.

يأتي أوبونتو مزودا بـ Firefox كمتصفح إنترنت وهو أفضل متصفح على الإطلاق كما ويتأتي مزودا بـ Pidgin كبرنامج محادثة وهو برنامج يمكننا من فتح جميع حساباتنا تلقائيا ومن أي نوع كانت (MSN , Yahoo , Gtalk…...) وبأي عدد كانت كما ويأتي مزودا ببرنامج GIMP لتحرير الصور وهو برنامج مميز يكاد يصل لفعالية Adobe Photoshop كما يأتي مزودا بـ Open Office وهي حزمة برامج مكتبية بديلة عن Microsoft Office ... وبالتأكيد هناك العديد العديد من البرامج الأخرى في شتى المجالات وكلها مجانية لكن هذه أهمها !!!

كما أن النظام يحدث نفسه (تجديدات أو عند صدور نسخة جديدة من النظام كاملا) عن الإنترنت ويحدث البرامج كلها بعكس ويندوز الذي يحدث نفسه فقط ولا يحدث نفسه للنسخة الجديدة تلقائيا بل سيكون عليك شراءها منفصلة وترقية الجهاز بشكل يدوي!!! ويمكن نقل البرامج كاملة من جهاز لآخر أو أرشفتها على أقراص وهو أمر مستحيل مع ويندوز لأن برامجه مغلقة المصدر وليست مجانية بمعظمها وحتى طريقة تعامله مع البرامج لا تسمح بذلك نهائيا !!!


وتقوم بعض الشركات المصنعة للأجهزة حاليا (...HP, Dell, Acer) بتزويد أجهزتها بنظام أوبونتو بديلا عن ويندوز الأمر الذي يوفر على المستخدم 400 دولار في بعض الحالات.


ومن بعض المآخذ على النظام أنه لا يشغل الملفات الصوتية من نوع MP3 و WMA وملفات الفيديو من نوع MPG و RM بشكل تلقائي بعد التنصيب حيث لا يمكن للشركة الأم أن ترفقها بالنظام "المجاني" وهي مرتبطة _هذه الصيغ من الملفات_ برخص تجارية. وسيكون المستخدم مضطرا ليقوم بتنزيل الملفات المطلوبة لدعم هذه الأنواع بنفسه .... بالطبع العملية "لعب ولاد" وليس فيها من الصعوبة شيء ... حتى أن البحث عن برامج تشغيل بعض صيغ الملفات على نظام ويندوز أصعب بكثير!!!

وأوبونتو يتعرف على محتويات الجهاز جميعها من دون الحاجة لـ Drivers إضافية كما على نظام ويندوز ... وفقط في حالات خاصة يضطر المستخدم إلى تنزيل Drivers إضافية على النظام !!!


وخلاصة الحديث بأن نظام أوبونتو يعتبر نظام رائع مقارنة بأنظمة وندوز وهو نظام مجاني وبرامجه مجانية ومفتوحة المصدر ويمتاز بسهولة ووضوح الإستخدام والتنصيب والحصول على برامج جديدة وهو نظام مستقر ومتنوع ويسمح للمستخدم باستغلال جهازه بالطريقة المثلى كما أنه نظام خفيف ولا يتطلب جهازا جبارا ليعمل .... والأهم من ذلك أنه يمكننا من استخدام الحواسيب من دون تأنيب الضمير الحاصل من استخدام البرامج وأنظمة التشغيل المسروقة !!! ... يعني النقلة من الوندوز للأوبونتو شبيهة نوعا ما بالنقلة من الضلال للهدى !!! :) ... راحة بال وراحة جسد (جهاز) وراحة جيبة ..... إلخ!!!


وللأسف لم أستطع حتى الآن استخدامه بشكل رسمي لأنو من أصل 180 جيغا في جهازي فقط 1.8 جيغا هي المساحة المتوفرة لي حاليا !!!! :) ... ما في محل نزلو للأسف ... وناطرين لنجيب هارد جديد !!!


مصادر المعلومات:
الموقع الرسمي لأوبونتو : Ubuntu.com
الموسوعة الحرة: Wikipedia.org
موسوعة البرامج: Softpedia.com
الموقع الرسمي لأوبونتو الإسلامي : Ubuntume.com
موقع : easy-ubuntu-linux.com
وتجربتي الشخصية مع أوبونتو


لمزيد من المعلومات ولتنزيل النظام يمكنكم التوجه إلى Ubuntu.com أو إذا كنتم ممن يسكن في القلمون فبحوزتي نسخة من أوبونتو على CD ونسخة موسعة على DVD ونسخة Ubuntu Studio Edition كذلك Kubuntu فمن يرغب بالحصول عليها مراسلتي والأصة هينة!!! (وهون بتشكر الشباب اللي ساعدوني بتنزيلهم عن النت!!!)


والسلام عليكم

[gardinia]

إنهم يصنعون هياكل سيارات تصلح نفسها ذاتياً





كتب amal_basem


الأربعاء, 11 يوليوز/تموز 2007 20:29


خلال السنوات القليلة الماضية تم تطوير العشرات من المركبات والسبائك المعدنية عن طريق ما يعرف بنظام المواد الذكية وبالاستعانة بأحدث البرامج الحاسوبية ، وقد تم استخدام هذه المواد المتطورة في الكثير من الصناعات المختلفة ، وفي مقدمتها صناعة هياكل السيارات . إن هذه الأبحاث والتجارب المكلفة والمعقدة، كان هدفها إنتاج مواد ذكية قابلة للاستخدام في صناعة هياكل السيارات ، بحيث تستطيع هذه المواد إصلاح نفسها ذاتيا لدى تعرضها لتأثير خارجي مدمر ، وبذلك يعود الهيكل الخارجي إلى ما كان عليه قبل التعرض للضربة أو الصدمة .





البكتيريا مصدر واعد للبطارية المستقبلية





كتب Newton




الجمعة, 20 أبريل/نيسان 2007 18:41


تمكن عالمان في الولايات المتحدة الأميركية من اختراع أول "بطارية بكتيرية" فعالة في العالم قادرة على تشغيل جهاز هاتف متنقل لمدة تصل إلى 25 يوما ورخيصة التكاليف.
وقال العالمان الباحثان في جامعة مساتشوستس الهندي سوديس تشوندري والأميركي ديريك لافلي اللذان يعملان في مشروع تدعمه وزارة الدفاع الأميركية إن مصدر الطاقة في البطارية هو بكتيريا تعيش تحت الأرض تأكل السكر وتحول الطاقة الموجودة فيه إلي كهرباء.

[أيمن غ القلموني]

مشكورة أخت غاردينيا ، إلى الأمام

[Nader 3:16]

السلام عليكم
انا شد فكري الإكتشاف الثاني....فيا ريت يكون في مقالة مفصلة بخصوص الاختراع!.

[gardinia]

سلام, اولا اشكر الأخ ايمن و الأخ nader 3:16.
بالنسبة للمقال الذي طلبته اخ nader 3:16 فقد تمكنت من إحضار هذا المقال:





البكتيريا مصدر واعد للبطارية المستقبلية





الجمعة, 20 أبريل/نيسان 2007 18:41



تمكن عالمان في الولايات المتحدة الأميركية من اختراع أول "بطارية بكتيرية" فعالة في العالم قادرة على تشغيل جهاز هاتف متنقل لمدة تصل إلى 25 يوما ورخيصة التكاليف.
وقال العالمان الباحثان في جامعة مساتشوستس الهندي سوديس تشوندري والأميركي ديريك لافلي اللذان يعملان في مشروع تدعمه وزارة الدفاع الأميركية إن مصدر الطاقة في البطارية هو بكتيريا تعيش تحت الأرض تأكل السكر وتحول الطاقة الموجودة فيه إلي كهرباء.
وأوضح العالمان اللذان نشرت أبحاثهما في مجلة "نيتشر بيوتكنولوجي" العلمية المتخصصة أن البكتيريا المستخدمة تسمى "رودوفيراكس فيريدوسينز" الموجودة في الرواسب الخالية من الهواء تحت الأرض.
ولا يعتبر الوقود الميكروبيولوجي شيئا جديدا، إلا أن توليده واجه مشاكل كبيرة بالإضافة إلى أنه كان باهظ التكاليف.
وقال لافلي إن هذا النوع من الوقود عادة ما يولد حوالي 10% أو أقل من الطاقة، ما يجعله بالغ الكلفة مقارنة بالطاقة التي يوفرها. وأشار إلى أن أفضل أداء لتلك الطاقة لم يتعد 50% باستخدام مواد كيماوية وسيطة تدخل عبر غلاف الخلية وتلتقط الإلكترونات الحرة وتنقلها إلى القطب الموجب.
إلا أن هذه المواد الكيماوية الوسيطة مكلفة ويجب إعادة توفيرها باستمرار ما يجعلها غير ملائمة كمصدر بسيط ودائم للطاقة.
وتبلغ فاعلية الطاقة في البطارية المصنعة 83% ويمكن أن يكون حجمها صغيرا بحجم البطاريات المستخدمة في المنازل إذا تم التغلب على العوائق الهندسية وتم وضع تقنيات للتصنيع وتقليل نسبة ثاني أكسيد الكربون الناتج عنها كملوث للبيئة.
أما المواد الأولية التي تحتاجها البطارية فهي الغلوكوز الموجود في سكر الفواكه والفركتوز والسكروز المتوفرين في قصب السكر وشمندر السكر, إضافة إلى مادة الزيلوز التي تستخلص من الخشب والقش.
ويقول لافلي إن وزارة الدفاع الأميركية مهتمة بهذه التكنولوجيا لإمداد الميكروفونات تحت المائية وأجهزة رصد السفن والغواصات بالطاقة.

[Nader 3:16]

مشكورة يا اختي بس هالمقال ما حسيتو وصّلي المعلومات الكافية . انا بدي اعرف كيفية عمل البطارية كمبدأ.
انو مثلاً هل البطارية هي التي تحتوي البكتيريا؟؟؟
يعني يتم تشريجها بإدخال السكر؟؟؟؟ ههههه

والاهم ما هي تفاصيل عملية تحويل السكر الى طاقة؟؟؟؟!!!...هل عرفوا كيف ولا لأ.....!!!!..

[gardinia]

يا اخ نادر انا هول المقالين يلّي اريتون و بتمنى إنو يكون فيون المعلومات الكافية يلي بدّك ياها.











1-أما البكتيريا التي هي محور البحث أو الكشف الجديد؛ فهي تحول حوالي 83% من المادة المفترض استهلاكها للحصول على الطاقة إلى كهرباء؛ يعني أننا اقتربنا قليلا من الكمال.


أي سكر يمكن استخدامه كمادة أولية في البطارية التي تعمل بتلك البكتيريا -مثل الجلوكوز Glucose الموجود في سكر الفواكه، والفركتوز Fructose، والسكروز Sucrose المتوفرين في قصب السكر وشمندر السكر- كل هذا نافع ومجد وفعال، إضافة إلى مادة السليلوز cellulose التي تستخلص من الخشب والقش.


بكتيريا.. حديدية


دعونا نغُص قليلا في التفاصيل العلمية.. سبق أن أوضحنا أن تلك البكتيريا موجودة في الرواسب الخالية من الهواء تحت الأرض وغنية بالحديد، وتم العثور عليها في بادئ الأمر في منطقة أويتسر باي بولاية فرجينيا الأمريكية، ولوحظ أنها تحصل على ما تحتاجه من طاقة من السكر، وتحول ما يفيض عن حاجتها إلى إلكترونات وتنقلها إلى ذرات الحديد المتوفرة في طبقات الرواسب الحديدية التي تتخذها كبيئة تعيش فيها، وكذلك لذرات المعادن الأخرى الموجودة فيها.


هذا الكائن البكتيري المكتشف حديثا يعد نوعا لم يكن معروفا من أنواع كائنات دقيقة تعرف باسم متنفسات الحديد Iron Breathers؛ لأنها تعتمد على الحديد في التنفس بدلا من الأوكسجين، ويخالف بذلك غالبية الكائنات الحية، وبملاحظة اسم البكتيريا -وهو Rhodoferax ferrireducens- نكتشف سريعا العلاقة الوطيدة بينها وبين الحديد. حيث يبدأ الشق الثاني من اسمها بجزء "ferri" الذي يعني الحديد باللغة اللاتينية.


قام العالمان -اللذان يعملان أصلا في جامعة مساتشوستس- بإجراء تجربة، قاما بإحضار إناء صغير مقسم إلى جزأين يفصل بينهما غشاء ويحتويان على قطب كهربائي من الجرافيت، وفي أحد جزأي الإناء وضعت بكتيريا "رودوفيراكس فيريدوكينز" في محلول سكري من الجلوكوز.


من حسن الحظ أن قامت البكتيريا بالواجب، وكسرت الجلوكوز، وحولته إلى ثاني أكسيد الكربون وإلكترونات أو شحنات كهربائية سالبة. وهذه الإلكترونات مارست دورها المكوكي؛ حيث جذبها القطب الكهربائي المجاور وهو القطب الموجب، ثم انتقلت عبر دائرة خارجية إلى القطب السالب، وهكذا أصبح لدينا دائرة كهربية متصلة، وأمكننا توليد طاقة كهربائية من بكتيريا تحب الحديد وتعيش بجواره وتأنس به وتتنفسه، إضافة أنها تأكل السكر.


المستقبل


طبعا الدنيا لم تتحول بعد التجربة للون الوردي؛ فهذه بداية تجربة معملية، والبطارية التي لدينا حجمها ليس بالصغير، لكن لافلي وتشوندري ما زالا في أول الطريق تقريبا، ويبشران بإمكانية تصغير حجم البطارية ليصبح مثل حجم البطاريات المستخدمة في المنازل إذا تم التغلب على العوائق الهندسية، وتم وضع تقنيات للتصنيع وتقليل نسبة ثاني أكسيد الكربون الناتج عنها كملوث للبيئة.


فالجانب الإيجابي هنا أن الوقود يستهلك بأكلمه، أما السلبي أنه لا ينتج عن العملية سوى ثاني أكسيد الكربون، صحيح أنه عنصر ملوث واحد، لكن الغلاف الجوي للأرض يئن من زيادته عن الحد، وطبقات الجو العليا أيضا تشتكي منه لأنه يتسبب في ظاهرة الاحتباس الحراري (http://www.islamonline.net/arabic/science/2000/11/Article15.shtml) وما ينشأ عنها من ظواهر سلبية، إلا أن لافلي يقول بأن تأثير مخلفات هذا الوقود على الاحتباس الحراري يقل كثيرا عن تأثير الوقود الحفري.


والملاحظ أن النموذج الأولي لبطارية لافلي وتشوندري لم يولد سوى كمية ضئيلة من التيار الكهربائي تكفي لتشغيل آلة حاسبة أو إضاءة شجرة عيد الميلاد مثلا، على حد زعمهم. لكن بالتطوير حصلا على البطارية التي تكفي لتشغيل هاتف جوال 25 يوما متصلة، كما سبق أن أشرنا في بداية المقال.


وهذا يعني أن التطوير مثمر، والأهم في هذا السياق أن الحدث في حد ذاته يعد كبيرا؛ لأنه دليل على إمكانية تطبيق المفهوم. لكن لافلي يؤكد أن فنجانا من السكر كاف لإنتاج طاقة كهربية تكفي لإضاءة مصباح كهربي قدرته 60 وات لمدة 17 ساعة متصلة.


لم تنته الجوانب السلبية.. فهذه العملية تتم ببطء؛ حيث إن هضم البكتريا لفنجان السكر في أسبوع شيء يشبه السلحفاة في بطئها.


أما الإيجابي في تلك المسألة فهو أنها تعمل بجلَد ومثابرة السلحفاة؛ فهي لا تكَل، وتعمل 24 ساعة في اليوم و7 أيام في الأسبوع، هنا قد تكون مسألة الشحن أجدى من الاستخدام المباشر.


يعني ندع البكتيريا تأكل وتشحن البطارية، ثم نفرغها نحن بعد تمام شحنها، ونحصل على الطاقة الكهربية المختزنة فيها، وبالإضافة إلى ذلك فإن هذه البكتيريا قوية وقادرة على النمو في درجات حرارة تتراوح ما بين 4-30 درجة مئوية؛ يعني تناسب معظم الأجواء تقريبا.


ويمكن استخدام هذه التكنولوجيا كذلك في الأماكن التي يصعب فيها تشغيل البطاريات، أو حينما يعتبر ذلك مكلفا. أما بالنسبة لمن يعيشون في مجتمعات فقيرة أو نائية فيمكن تعديل الأقطاب الكهربائية بحيث تستخدم المخلفات الكربوهيدراتية من حيوانات المزارع أو المجاري لشحن البطاريات لتشغيل الثلاجات والأفران.


هكذا قد يكون لافلي نجح في كسب نقطة لصالحه؛ فالمهتمون بسلامة البيئة ونظافتها أصبح لديهم الآن حافز لقبول الفكرة؛ فهي مصدر شبه نظيف للحصول على الطاقة، بل ومنظف للبيئة أيضا.. إذن فجواب أهل البيئة من حيث القبول والرفض قد لا يكون "لا بأس" فقط.. بل ربما يتحول إلى "مرحبا"، ومن لا يصدق فعليه التأكد من ذلك في عدد أكتوبر المقبل من مجلة نيتشر بيوتكنولوجي (http://www.nature.com/nbt/).







2-البكتيريا مصدر الطاقة المستقبلية

عندما يتوقف هاتفك المحمول الذي تعتمد عليه في حياتك الاجتماعية والمهنية ويصبح مجرد قطعة من البلاستيك والسيليكون تدرك ان البطارية قد نفذت. لكن الحل بسيط: خذ ملعقة صغيرة من السكر وافتح هاتفك وضع السكر في البطارية وتصبح على صلة بالعالم مرة اخرى بفضل اختراع "البطارية البكتيرية" الذي سيصبح حقيقة في المستقبل القريب.
ويعكف عالمان على العمل على هذا الاختراع في الولايات المتحدة ويقولان انهما اخترعا اول "بطارية بكتيرية" فعالة في العالم اثناء عملهما على المشروع الذي تدعمه وزارة الدفاع الاميركية.
ويقول العالمان الباحثان في جامعة مساتشوستس الهندي سوديس تشوندري والاميركي ديريك لافلي ان مصدر الطاقة في البطارية هو بكتيريا تعيش تحت الارض تاكل السكر وتحول الطاقة الموجودة فيه الى كهرباء.
واجرى الباحثان تجربة على نموذج اولي من تلك البطارية بحيث عملت دون اية مشكلة ودون اعادة شحنها لحوالي 25 يوما وكانت رخيصة التكاليف.
وفي مقابلة مع وكالة فرانس برس قال لافلي ان البكتيريا المستخدمة "هي مادة حية فريدة" واستعرض عددا من استخداماتها المحتملة. والبكتيريا المستخدمة هي بكتيريا "رودوفيراكس فيريدوسينز" الموجودة في الرواسب الخالية من الهواء تحت الارض في موقع في اويتسر باي بفرجينيا.
وقام العالمان اللذان نشرت ابحاثهما الاحد في مجلة "نيتشر بيوتكنولوجي" العلمية المتخصصة باحضار اناء صغير مقسم الى جزئين يفصل بينهما غشاء ويحتويان على قطب كهربائي من الغرافيت.
وفي احد جزئي الاناء وضعت بكتيريا "رودوفيراكس فيريدوكينز" في سائل الغلوكوز. وقامت البكتيريا بتكسير الغلوكوز وتحويله الى ثاني اكسيد الكربون والكترونات (شحنات كهربائية سالبة).
وانتقلت الالكترونات الى القطب الكهربائي المجاور وهو القطب الموجب وانتقلت في دائرة خارجية الى القطب السالب مما يعني توليد الطاقة الكهربائية.
ولا يعتبر الوقود الميكروبيولوجي شيئا جديدا الا ان توليده واجه مشاكل كبيرة بالاضافة الى انه كان باهظ التكاليف. وقال لافلي ان هذا النوع من الوقود عادة ما يولد حوالي "10 في المئة او اقل" مما يجعله بالغ الكلفة بالنسبة للطاقة التي يوفرها.
وافضل اداء لتلك الطاقة لم يتعد 50 في المئة. الا ان ذلك لم يتم سوى بفضل مواد كيماوية وسيطة تتسلل عبر غلاف الخلية وتلتقط الالكترونات الحرة وتنقلها الى القطب الموجب. الا ان هذه المواد الكيماوية الوسيطة مكلفة ويجب اعادة توفيرها باستمرار مما يجعلها غير ملائمة كمصدر بسيط ودائم للطاقة.
ولم يولد النموذج الاولي لبطارية لافلي وتشوندري سوى كمية ضئيلة من التيار الكهربائي تكفي لتشغيل آلة حاسبة او اضواء شجرة عيد الميلاد. لكنها تعتبر حدثا كبيرا اذ انها دليل على امكانية تطبيق المفهوم.
وتبلغ فاعلية الطاقة في البطارية 83 في المئة مما يشير الى انه اذا تم التغلب على العوائق الهندسية وتم وضع تقنيات للتصنيع فيمكن ان تكون تلك البطارية صغيرة بحجم البطاريات المستخدمة في المنازل.
وتعمل هذه البطاريات بالاضافة الى الغلوكوز بسكر الفواكه الفركتوز والسكروز المتوفر في قصب السكر وشمندر السكري وحتى بمادة الزيلوز وهي مادة سكرية تستخلص من الخشب والقش. وبالاضافة الى ذلك فان هذه البكتيريا قوية وقادرة على النمو في درجات حرارة تتراوح ما بين 4-30 درجة مئوية.
ويستخدم الوقود باكمله بحيث لا ينتج عن العملية سوى عنصر ملوث واحد هو ثاني اكسيد الكربون الذي يزيد من الاحتباس الحراري الا ان لفلي يقول ان تاثير مخلفات هذا الوقود على الاحتباس الحراري يقل كثيرا عن تاثير الوقود الحفري.
واضاف "على المدى القصير اعتقد ان استخدام هذه البطارية سيكون لاعادة شحن البطاريات التي يمكن استخدامها في الهواتف المحمولة".
ويمكن استخدام هذه التكنولوجيا كذلك في الاماكن التي يصعب فيها تشغيل البطاريات او يعتبر ذلك مكلفا طبقا للافلي الذي يوضح ان وزارة الدفاع الاميركية مهتمة بهذه التكنولوجيا لامداد الميكروفونات تحت المائية واجهزة رصد السفن والغواصات بالطاقة.
اما بالنسبة لمن يعيشون في مجتمعات فقيرة او نائية فيمكن تعديل الاقطاب الكهربائية بحيث تستخدم مخلفات الكربوهيدرات من حيوانات المزارع او المجاري لشحن البطاريات لتشغيل الثلاجات والافران

[hadid]

هل تحاكي البطارية يعني ما يقوم به الجسد ؟ أو العضلات داخل الجسد ؟؟
أيضا الإختراع الأول له أهمية بالغة جنرال نادر فتخيل حالك طالع من البيت مثلاً و حدن موقف سيارتو بلزق سيارتك صار فيك تفش خلقك واطحبشلو ياها وماتعتل هم لأنها لح ترجع تتصلح سلام

[Nader 3:16]

مرسي مرة تانية.
هالمرة كويسة.
و منشان يعرف وسيم فلو و امثاله من الفيزيائيين الداعين الى استخدام الطاقة النووية المضرة .
انو الشيمي هو اصل البطارية.
يعني الطاقة الكهربائية ناتجة عن تفاعل كيميائي.ينتج عنه ثاني اوكسيد الكربون. يلي هو صحيح مضر بس منو متل الاشعاعات النووية.
و ان شاء الله علمائنا بإذن الله ...ربنا سيسر لهم عملهم و سيتمكنون من تقليص البطارية حجماً و ضرراً على البيئة.
بس بالفعل يا جنرال هديد الاختراع مهم و حلو. يعني فاك تربي كم واحدة من هالبكتيريا بجسمك و بصير جسمك بحول الطاقة الكهربائية الى طاقة ضاربة...و بتصير بطل العالم بالكاراتيه يا جنرال.

و الله محيي اصلك يا
رودوفيراكس فيريدوسينز

[Arsenic]

مشكور عالمقالات الحلوة

[hadid]

يا زلمة أولكن بعد عشر سنين كيف بتصير هالدنيا تقنياً ؟؟؟

[الزاهر]

Mushrooms Provide Clean Fuel
A specific enzyme targets all impurities in conventional fuels

By Tudor Vieru, Science Editor
SoftPedia

http://news.softpedia.com/images/news2/Mushrooms-Provide-Clean-Fuel-2.jpg




The discovery was made by researchers at Oxford University analyzing a specific enzyme produced by fungi growing on rotten wood. The Laccase enzyme has an effect similar to that of platinum on electrodes composing a battery. Chemists say that their first prototype is able to supply more than 2,500 hours of life to an average mp3 player, at about 400 milliamps constant power output. Cell phone batteries are the next step, as they account for more than 200,000 tones of waste each year.


Oxford chemist Christopher Blanford says that by replacing the dangerous chemicals inside batteries with Laccase, their toxic emissions could be virtually reduced to zero. Plans for the mass production of such environmental-friendly power sources are already on the way, with people behind the research hoping to be soon able to create phone batteries that could last as much as 20 re-charges before they become unusable.



By further genetically modifying certain species of mushrooms, scientists hope to get the fungi to produce even more, high-quality Laccase so that sufficient quantities for mass-use become available. "Much of the benefit, if they make it work, is not necessarily cleaner energy but that we no longer need to exploit scarce mineral resources, produce unpleasant by-products, and consume energy in manufacturing processes if we can grow the things naturally", said UK Energy Research Center executive director John Loughhead.

Unfortunately for nature buffs, there is still some time left before this invention can be put to practical use. The available prototype proves that, theoretically, this alternative to chemical-powered electrodes works. But Loughhead says that, most likely, practical applications could be seen around 2020 -2030, when technology has evolved to a stage where issues such as how to replace large enzymes with smaller ones on reduced spaces have been suppressed.

[الزاهر]

Small-Scale Wind Turbines Could Power-Up Buildings
Windation Energy Systems has recently developed the first such device
By Tudor Vieru, Science Editor
SoftPedia


http://news.softpedia.com/images/news2/Small-Scale-Wind-Turbines-Could-Power-Up-Buildings-2.jpg

فقط ملاحظة: الذي في الصورة هو النظام القديم !!! .. النظام الذي يتحدث عنه المقال يستخدم قنوات الهواء العامودية الناتجة عن اصطدام الرياح بالمباني المرتفة والكبيرة ... واللي شاغلين هندسة بيعرفو أديش بتكون أوية !!!


Instead of the extended wind turbine fields we are accustomed to, the U.S. could see its most important buildings, such as hospitals, schools and public offices powered-up by wind turbines of unusual shapes. They are much reduced in dimension and reportedly more efficient than their large propeller-like counterparts. Windation Energy Systems, a California based company, says that their products resemble the cooling equipment that can currently be seen on building roof tops.

Mark Sheikhrezai, CEO and founder of Windation, explains that the a single unit of the system is not yet capable of supplying a building with its full energy requirements, but that it can offset an important part of them. In other words, as technology advances, we could see more and more skyscrapers going off the grid, and being powered by these new wind turbines. Sheikhrezai, who was born in Iran, got the idea for his invention from Ancient Persian buildings, which were constructed in such a manner that they allowed wind and water to accumulate inside, thus keeping them cool in the heat of the desert.

These small wind turbines follow pretty much the same basic principle. Wind enters the generator through the upper part and is then pushed downwards, where it drives a generator to produce electrical energy. The estimated output will be at about 5 kilowatts, the company says. The costs for installation, ranging from 40 to $50,000 could be covered in five to seven years, depending on the efficiency of the unit. Unlike other similar devices that use either the vertical currents of air generated near buildings or are placed exactly on the edges of buildings, Windation's turbine can be easily installed on any roof top, with fairly low costs considering the benefits. Humans and animals are also in no danger from the equipment.

According to the company's CEO, the wind turbines could be installed in virtually any major city, including Chicago, New York, San Francisco and Washington. With a few more units scheduled to come out by February 2009, the newly-founded company hopes to attract sufficient investments to be able to move to the mass production of such devices for wide-spread use.

[الزاهر]

Nuclear Energy Vs. Renewable Power Sources
The debate as to which one will be the main supplier is on
By Tudor Vieru, Science Editor
Softpedia




http://news.softpedia.com/images/news2/Nuclear-Energy-Vs-Renewable-Power-Sources-2.jpg


The one thing both renewable energy proponents and nuclear reaction supporters agree on is that fossil fuels will be completely out of the picture in a few decades, mainly because they will have polluted the atmosphere too much by then, but also because they might run out eventually, leaving the world in a huge black-out. The race is now on to see which energy source will power up the future.



Right now, nuclear energy accounts for about 9 percent of the total electricity production worldwide, whereas renewable sources, including solar, geothermal, eolian and underwater, only generate about 6 percent. Predictions say that oil, coal and natural gases will be depleted in 50 years tops, so, by that time, technologies need to be set in place to cover the ever-increasing electrical necessities of the world.



The only chance for renewable energy to take the edge is for people to come up with new extraction methods that are not as costly as those currently available. Solar energy seems to be growing more efficient even now, with new technologies being devised to increase production, while minimizing the overall costs. Underwater turbines, which use deep-sea currents to generate electricity, have great potential, given the fact that they do not affect the environment and the animal species around them. In fact, areas where these turbines are located are banned from commercial activities.



Nuclear energy, on the other hand, is very expensive to build and production times are very extended. Crucial components are manufactured in but a few selected locations. Those factories almost never manage to cope with an ever-increasing demand in spare parts and this fact "bottlenecks" large-scale constructions. If the future of the global power grid is nuclear, then new facilities will have to be built by 2030, in order to avoid widespread, lasting black-outs.



Currently, nuclear energy has the advantage, because a small infrastructure is already built and results are visible. The International Atomic Energy Agency has announced that more than 40 nations, including Nigeria, Egypt and Turkey, have informed it of their intentions to start building their own nuclear power plants, to power up their own electrical grids. But this poses new questions, especially in regard to world security, seeing how converting a nuclear-powered electrical plant into an atomic bomb production facility is relatively easy.

[الزاهر]

هههههههههههههههههههههههه



Grenades Used for Medical Purposes
Small explosives could deliver drugs more efficiently
By Tudor Vieru, Science Editor
SoftPedia


Explosives are usually the last thing sane doctors would associate with healing people. But scientists who watch too many movies came up with the idea of creating microscopic explosives, to be used for a more potent dispersal of drugs near a targeted organ or group of cells. They say that this method will greatly reduce the spread time of many blood-carried drugs. A mini-explosion would be painless to the patient, but it would push the drug inside in all directions at great speed.


The grenade is actually made up of a polymer coating surrounding a gel based on a specific kind of sugar, called dextran. Once the microscopic explosive is placed in water, the porous membrane allows water in, which binds with the gel and forces the chemical connections between its elements to break. When that happens, the whole device swells and eventually bursts outwards, spreading its content around.


Presumably, these delivery systems will carry very tiny particles, of up to about 200 nanometers in size. These particles can penetrate cellular membranes and nuclei with ease, but diffuse very slowly in tissue, which severely limits the way in which they can be used. Scientists want to make these carbon particles the carriers of drugs, and then load the mix into the polymer covered molecule. If their experiment succeeds, doctors could have a more efficient means of delivering the drugs to an affected area anywhere in the patient's body.


Thus far, the designers of the device, working from the Ghent University in Belgium, have managed to establish that the bloodstream could be a poor delivery system for their grenade, so they thought of implanting the particle below the skin, over the area that needs the treatment. "For the purpose of vaccination, the subcutaneous region is an ideal place for antigen delivery," says study leader, Bruno de Geest.


The team explains that the micro-particle isn't nearly strong enough to cause any kind of pain or discomfort to the patient. The complex will have particles ranging from 100 to 400 nanometers in size, making them extremely small and harmless. Future research plans include the development of intelligent polymer membranes that could identify specific tissue and direct the force of the explosion towards it.




باختصار بالعربي منشان المعلم نادر :
يفكر بعض العلماء باستخدام "مايكروقنبلة" محملة بالدواء ... يضعونها بالقرب من العضو المصاب ووبتنفجر هوميك فنتشر الدواء بسرعة ويبدأ التفاعل المساعد على الشفاء بشكل أسرع من لو أن الدواء حقن بالدم فيحتاج ساعات ليصل للعضو المصاب أو لو أخذ كبسولة أو تحميلة أو شراب ... وهذا المايكرو إنفجار لا يحس به المريض لصغر العناصر المنتشرة التي يتراوح قطرها بين 100 و400 نانومتر .. ولصغر الإنفجار بحد ذاته !!!

[Hamzah]

يقدم MyKey 2300
حل سريع و عصري لتحول باب منزلك الى صورة الكترونية حديثة و بشكل شديد الجاذبية و التأمين معا.

هذا المنتج الجديد هو قفل الكتروني للأبواب يمكن تركيبه بسهولة على باب منزلك أو أي مكان اخر تريد تأمينه . و يدعم هذا القفل الكروت الذكية من النوع RFID كما يدعم الغلق بكود سري بدلا من استخدام الكرت الذكي .

يقدم MyKey 2300 حل تأميني فعال و يقوم بالاغلاق تلقائيا فور اغلاق الباب دون الحاجة للقيام بذلك يدويا .

http://www4.mediafire.com/imgbnc.php/f53c829344753d2b46abf25929f0a03f5g.jpg (http://www.mediafire.com/imageview.php?quickkey=mmmxmmmjztn&thumb=4)

[الزاهر]

Prepare Yourselves for Air Cars
In three years' time, they will roam world's streets
By Dan Talpalariu, Science Editor
Softpedia


http://news.softpedia.com/images/news2/Prepare-Yourselves-For-Air-Cars-2.jpg


Carbon dioxide emission gets a new bump from the vehicle industry that takes a major step into adding air among the alternative sources of fuel. Based on the idea of Guy Negre, founder and CEO of Luxembourg and France-based MDI SA company, who invented the car and had it developed in his French factories, the American company Zero Pollution Motors will move the concept of air cars to the North American continent.

The car will run mostly on compressed air, helped only by a hint of other combustible materials, on which it's not going to be choosy. It can be gasoline, alcohol or even regular vegetable oil. As if that was not enough, the car will sport the highest mpg (miles per gallon of fuel) ratio, leaving far behind competitors such as Toyota Prius. The developers estimate it is going to work at a rate of 106 mpg (2.65 liters of fuel / 100 km or about 38 km / 1 liter of fuel), more than twice Prius' rate of consumption.



Although not designed to be a racing car (with a top speed of only 35 mph or 56 km/h), it can travel for about 60 miles (nearly 100 km) with a full tank, which is more than enough for most consumers for a daily trip to work and back home, as well as for completing their daily chores. On highways, the compressed air vehicle (CAV) can attain interstate speeds for about 800 miles (nearly 1,290 km) running on the air constantly compressed by a small engine.



The car is going to be built on an off-the-shelf cheap technology and will be available at a cost of about $20,000 in about three years’ time. Early estimations foresee an amount of approximately 8,000 cars per year starting with 2011 and a number of factories in each state, based on the number of consumers present there. For example, there will be 17 air car manufacturing plants in California, 12 in Florida, eight in New York and four in Georgia. Tata company has already bought the rights to produce the CAV on a large scale in India as well.

[الزاهر]

The UC3.400 Flashlight – No Batteries for 135 Years
Due to a highly innovative energy control system and LEDs
By Alex Vochin, Technology Editor
Softpedia

http://news.softpedia.com/images/news2/The-UC3-400-Flashlight-No-Batteries-for-135-Years-2.jpg



Flashlights have gone a long way since the first paper-tube based models launched over a hundred or so years ago. However, up until now, most of them relied on batteries in order to work, but it would seem that even that is a thing of the past, since a company called 5.11 Tactical Series has just announced the imminent launch of a revolutionary new type of flashlight that can be used on for up to 135 years, without making use of any batteries.

As FlashlightNews reports, the secret behind the UC3.400 is the fact that there are no batteries within this thing, since they've been replaced by a sophisticated energy management system called FlashPoint Power Technology. This technology is based on ultracapacitors that work together with computer circuitry to efficiently manage how energy is loaded into the flashlight, and then optimize how the energy is dispersed to maximize both performance and runtime. The results are quite impressive, since the flashlight is supposed to fully charge in 90 seconds and to deliver up to 23.5 hours of total runtime (98% uptime) in a 24-hour period.

As mentioned right from the start, the technology used within the UC3.400 allows it to support up to 50,000 charge/discharge cycles with virtually no degradation and no memory, which translates into up to 135 years, one charge per day. The device uses three powerful LEDs, which generate 270 peak lumens in bright mode and 90 lumens in standard mode (as well as a 270-lumen tactical strobe). Moreover, the three LED bulbs on the flashlight are rated for 50,000 hours and never have to be replaced.

The flashlight is also quite tough on the outside, since it's made from a firearm-grade high-strength polymer and it's fully sealed against the elements, as well as abrasion, crack and bend-resistant. It's also fairly easy to carry around, since it measures 11.5 inches (30 cm) in length and weighs around 16 ounces (453 grams).

The device has a retail price starting at around $169.99 (when it becomes available, in early 2009), the sales package including, for now, a 12V DC charging base that plugs into a car, as well as a mounting plate and a belt ring. However, the manufacturer promises that a full line of accessories will also be available separately, including lens filters, flare cones, holsters and an AC adapter.

[الزاهر]

Nuclear Fusion Will Become Reality by 2011
American and UK engineers are working separately to achieve this
By Tudor Vieru, Science Editor
Softpedia





http://news.softpedia.com/images/news2/Nuclear-Fusion-Will-Become-Realityl-by-2011-2.jpg



The concept of nuclear fusion is something that scientists dream about ever since the mid 1940s, after the fission reaction was first obtained, and the first atom bomb was created. Since then, nuclear energy became a part of our daily lives, with plants being built all across the globe, from Korea to India, the US, China, and Russia. Smaller countries, such as Romania and Bulgaria, also possess nuclear energy, providing electricity to a large percentage of their national grids.


But regular nuclear power plants require tremendous amounts of water to operate, as well as scarce uranium, which has to go extensive "pre-fission" processes, in order to be used. They also pose the risk of leaking radioactive materials, which can contaminate the environment for decades, and subject the population on a range of several hundred miles of the plant to radioactivity. Such was the case with the melting of the nuclear reactors at Three Mile Island, in the US (1979), and Chernobyl, in Northern Ukraine (1986).


Nuclear fusion offers the promise of unlimited amounts of free, clean energy. The California-based Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLNL) and the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), through its Mega Amp Spherical Tokamak (MAST), based at Oxford, are the spearheads of current development in this direction.


In its National Ignition Facility (NIF), LLNL will have a laser capable of heating plasma to the absurdly-high temperatures needed for nuclear fusion. The completion of the device is scheduled for 2009, whereas the first test will begin in 2010. Researchers at the lab are confident that, by 2011, they could obtain sustainable and entirely controllable fusion. The year of 2020 was set as a marker for the construction of the first commercial power plant, to employ the new technology.


If their endeavors are successful, then the world could see a major transformation, as far as energy production goes. Having a reliable and perfectly safe source of power will virtually eliminate the need for fossil-fuel power plants, and even wind and solar farms will become obsolete. In order for this to happen, governments worldwide will have to make a huge financial effort, to install these energy-producing plants across their territories.

[THE TERRORIST]

الله يعطيك العافية يا زاهر....
بس ليش مانك حاططن بالعربي؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟
على كل حال حاجتني إتزاكا... أحسن الشي أيبل عشي مقال و حطو... يا الله سلام

[الزاهر]

أستسهل اللفة الإنغليزية بما يختص بالعلم لأني افهم مصطلحاتها ..
ولا أعرف مواقع عربية حاليا تغطي هذا الجانب من المواضيع
ولا بدك ياني أعد ترجمهم !!!


الله يعطيك العافية يا زاهر....
بس ليش مانك حاططن بالعربي؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟
على كل حال حاجتني إتزاكا... أحسن الشي أيبل عشي مقال و حطو... يا الله سلام

[الزاهر]

A Million RPM Is the New Motor Spinning Record
The tiny motor is set for a wide range of applications
By Dan Talpalariu, Science Editor
Softpedia


http://news.softpedia.com/images/news2/A-Million-RPM-Is-the-New-Motor-Spinning-Record-2.jpg



Experts from the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) in Zurich, a scientific and technological university in Switzerland, have recently managed to create a small motor the size of a matchbook that is the absolute uncontested holder of the spinning record. The tiny device is able to spin at an incredible velocity of more than a million rotations per minute (rpm). For those of you who prefer not to do the math, that's over 16,667 rotations per second.

It's extremely hard to imagine such a thing, especially since there's not much (if anything at all) to compare it with, both in nature or in the technological world. For instance, as Live Science indicates, the neutron stars, the collapsed core of dead stars, only spin at about 60,000 rpm, as by exceeding that velocity, they would slowly disintegrate. Next in line is the average kitchen blender with about half that performance, while the best car engines barely reach an unworthy 10,000 rpm. The only things that get close to the novel miniature motor are industrial engines which can achieve a maximum of 250,000 rpm.



The small engine's rotor is comprised within a titanium shell that prevents it from flying apart, while the technology used for the cylinder that holds the super-thin copper wires for winding purposes is still kept secret. But a statement from the developers still disclosed that the cylinder is "made of special iron previously unused for machines".



Perhaps you are asking who would use such a tiny and fast motor. Well, there's an answer to that as well, although not very clear yet. "Our findings will rapidly be converted into concrete applications and products," stated Johann Kolar, one of the experts involved in the breakthrough achievement. Basically, as technology tends to yield more miniature devices (like cameras, cell phones or computers), these require tinier holes that can only be drilled by small devices rotating at incredible speeds.



Also, far more efficient compressors for any type of vehicles that use them could be developed. A company called Celeroton has already been established in Switzerland with this exact purpose: use the novel technology in order to enhance existing products.



بالعربي المختصر : توصل العلماء لصناعة محرك يدور بسرعة مليون دورة بالدقيقة أي حوالي 17 ألف دورة بالثانية !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

لعتا !!! ... لوين ناويين يوصلو !!!!
:)

[الزاهر]

Einstein's Relativity Theory Proven
Subatomic particles and atomic bombs
By Dan Talpalariu, Science Editor
Softpedia

http://news.softpedia.com/images/news2/Einstein-039-s-Relativity-Theory-Proven-2.jpg




Perhaps one of the most famous equations in the world, in all scientific fields, is Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, E=mc2. This means that the energy is equal to the mass multiplied by the square speed of light. Recently, an international team whose members come from Germany, France and Hungary, led by Laurent Lellouch from the Center for Theoretical Physics in France, managed to prove that the theory is actually right from a subatomic perspective.

The group used a lot of computational power provided by some of the mightiest supercomputers out there in order to prove that results based on proton and neutron (the particles that make up the atomic nuclei) behavior concur with the relativity theory. Practically, the standard model of quantum physics states that neutrons and protons are themselves made up of even smaller particles, called quarks, which are bound together by particles named gluons (glue-on, pretty logical).



So far so good, but here's where things get odd. Gluons have absolutely no mass, while the total mass of the quarks only represents 5% of the mass of the protons and neutrons. So, an explanation for the missing 95% of the mass had to be found. The experts discovered that the missing percentage of the mass derives from the energy resulting from the interactions and movements of the quarks and gluons.



This basically states that mass and energy are equivalent, just like Einstein's theory indicated, and, even more: mass can be transmuted into energy and vice versa. Extrapolating on the basis of this equation, it can be calculated how much energy is obtained while converting specific amounts of mass. Sadly, this was also used as a ground for building the atomic bomb.



"Until now, this has been a hypothesis," shared the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) in France in a press release, cited by Discovery (http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/11/21/einstein-formula.html). "It has now been corroborated for the first time."

[الزاهر]

VIVACE Will Harness Energy from Water
The new device will put the dangerous water currents to a good use
By Dan Talpalariu, Science Editor
Softpedia


http://news.softpedia.com/images/news2/VIVACE-Will-Harness-Energy-From-Water-2.jpg
credits: Omar Jamil


A new source of hydro-energy lies where not many of us expected – in the dangerous grip of the oceanic or river currents. With this in mind, Michael Bernitsas, a professor at the Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering from the University of Michigan, managed to conceive a machine that would take on the fish movement techniques in order to help turn the motion of the currents into electricity.



The device, called a Vortex Induced Vibrations for Aquatic Clean Energy (or VIVACE, for short), is the first of its kind, and it is able to operate at slow current velocity, which makes it best suited for any type of water in any part of the world. It is capable to operate within water environments with currents moving slower than 2 knots (about 2 miles or 3.3 km per hour), a category in which most of Earth's currents fall. By comparison, water mills and turbines require an average speed of 5 or 6 knots for efficient results.



Another positive aspect of VIVACE is that it does not rely on waves, turbines, dams, tides or the likes for functioning purposes. Instead, the one-of-a-kind hydrokinetic energy system rather depends on "vortex induced vibrations," caused by a rounded object in the flow of a fluid like air or water. "For the past 25 years, engineers – myself included – have been trying to suppress vortex induced vibrations. But now at Michigan we're doing the opposite. We enhance the vibrations and harness this powerful and destructive force in nature," explained Bernitsas, cited by Scientific Blogging.



"VIVACE copies aspects of fish technology," added the expert. "Fish curve their bodies to glide between the vortices shed by the bodies of the fish in front of them. Their muscle power alone could not propel them through the water at the speed they go, so they ride in each other's wake."



The cost expected for the energy yielded by VIVACE is supposed to be approximately 5.5 cents per kilowatt hour, while wind-generated energy costs 6.9 cents, nuclear power is set at 4.6, and solar electricity costs 16 to 48 cents per kilowatt hour. "There won't be one solution for the world's energy needs," shared Bernitsas. "But if we could harness 0.1 percent of the energy in the ocean, we could support the energy needs of 15 billion people."

[hadid]

Astrophysicist Replaces Supercomputer with Eight PlayStation 3s

هيدا اليوم الصبح كنت عم إتصفح شوية مقالات شي جديد وشي قديم بقا تفاجئت إنو البلايستايشن 3 فيك تنزل عليها (طبعاً هيي فيها هارد ديسك ) نظام لاينكس (طبعاً Ubuntu و Fedora وأكتر وأكيد ما فيك تنزل عليها لا windows ولا Mac OS) وتعمل ليس كجهاز عادي بل كجهاز أكثر من عادي باعتبار أن المحرك الرئيسي تبعها فريد من نوعه ومميز ،، وبعدين طلع بوجي هالمقال حبيت إنقلك يا يا أخي زاهر يعبر عن قوة محركها وتفوق أدائه

http://www.wired.com/images/article/full/2007/10/ps3_supercomputer_250x.jpg



Suffering from its exorbitant price point and a dearth of titles, Sony's PlayStation 3 isn't exactly the most popular gaming platform on the block. But while the console flounders in the commercial space, the PS3 may be finding a new calling in the realm of science and research.
Right now, a cluster of eight interlinked PS3s is busy solving a celestial mystery involving gravitational waves and what happens when a super-massive black hole, about a million times the mass of our own sun, swallows up a star.
As the architect of this research, Dr. Gaurav Khanna is employing his so-called "gravity grid (http://gravity.phy.umassd.edu/ps3.html)" of PS3s to help measure these theoretical gravity waves -- ripples in space-time that travel at the speed of light -- that Einstein's Theory of Relativity predicted would emerge when such an event takes place.
It turns out that the PS3 is ideal for doing precisely the kind of heavy computational lifting Khanna requires for his project, and the fact that it's a relatively open platform makes programming scientific applications feasible.
"The interest in the PS3 really was for two main reasons," explains Khanna, an assistant professor at the University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth who specializes in computational astrophysics. "One of those is that Sony did this remarkable thing of making the PS3 an open platform, so you can in fact run Linux on it and it doesn't control what you do."
He also says that the console's Cell processor, co-developed by Sony, IBM and Toshiba, can deliver massive amounts of power, comparable even to that of a supercomputer -- if you know how to optimize code and have a few extra consoles lying around that you can string together.
"The PS3/Linux combination offers a very attractive cost-performance solution whether the PS3s are distributed (like Sony and Stanford's Folding@home initiative (http://folding.stanford.edu/)) or clustered together (like Khanna's), says Sony's senior development manager of research and development, Noam Rimon.
According to Rimon, the Cell processor was designed as a parallel processing device, so he's not all that surprised the research community has embraced it. "It has a general purpose processor, as well as eight additional processing cores, each of which has two processing pipelines and can process multiple numbers, all at the same time," Rimon says.
This is precisely what Khanna needed. Prior to obtaining his PS3s, Khanna relied on grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF) to use various supercomputing sites spread across the United States "Typically I'd use a couple hundred processors -- going up to 500 -- to do these same types of things."
However, each of those supercomputer runs cost Khanna as much as $5,000 in grant money. Eight 60 GB PS3s would cost just $3,200, by contrast, but Khanna figured he would have a hard time convincing the NSF to give him a grant to buy game consoles, even if the overall price tag was lower. So after tweaking his code this past summer so that it could take advantage of the Cell's unique architecture, Khanna set about petitioning Sony for some help in the form of free PS3s.
"Once I was able to get to the point that I had this kind of performance from a single PS3, I think that's when Sony started paying attention," Khanna says of his optimized code.
Khanna says that his gravity grid has been up and running for a little over a month now and that, crudely speaking, his eight consoles are equal to about 200 of the supercomputing nodes he used to rely on.
"Basically, it's almost like a replacement," he says. "I don't have to use that supercomputer anymore, which is a good thing."
"For the same amount of money -- well, I didn't pay for it, but even if you look into the amount of funding that would go into buying something like eight PS3s -- for the same amount of money I can do these runs indefinitely."
The point of the simulations Khanna and his team at UMass are running on the cluster is to see if gravitational waves, which have been postulated for almost 100 years but have never been observed, are strong enough that we could actually observe them one day. Indeed, with NASA and other agencies building some very big gravitational wave observatories with the sensitivity to be able to detect these waves, Khanna's sees his work as complementary to such endeavors.
Khanna expects to publish the results of his research in the next few months. So while PS3 owners continue to wait for a fuller range of PS3 titles and low prices, at least they'll have some reading material to pass the time.

[الزاهر]

The PS3's hardware has also been used to build supercomputers for high-performance computing (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_computing).[122] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3#cite_note-scientistpc-121) Terra Soft Solutions (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Soft_Solutions) has a version of Yellow Dog Linux (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Dog_Linux) for the PlayStation 3,[123] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3#cite_note-122) and sells PS3s with Linux pre-installed,[124] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3#cite_note-123) in single units, and 6 and 32 node clusters.[125] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3#cite_note-124) In addition, RapidMind (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RapidMind) is pushing their stream programming (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_programming) package for the PS3.[126] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3#cite_note-125) Also, on January 3, 2007, Dr. Frank Mueller, Associate Professor of Computer Science at NCSU (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University), clustered 8 PS3s. Mueller commented that the 512 MB of system RAM is a limitation for this particular application, and is considering attempting to retrofit more RAM. Software includes: Fedora (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_%28operating_system%29) Core 5 Linux ppc64, MPICH2, OpenMP v2.5, GNU Compiler Collection (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection) and CellSDK 1.1.[127] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3#cite_note-126)[128] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3#cite_note-127)[129] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3#cite_note-128)
On March 22, 2007, SCE and Stanford University released the Folding@Home (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding@Home) project for the PlayStation 3.[130] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3#cite_note-129) This program allows PS3 owners to lend the computing power of their consoles to help study the physical process (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_process) of protein folding (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_folding).
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Wikipedia




بالمنناسبة ... أول مرة شفت فيها عرض للعبة على PS3 ألت شكلهم مجاديب :) ... عشوية اللعبة كأنها حقيقة !!! ... تاني شغلة فكرت فيها انو اديش أوة الـ GPU اللي فيها !!! ...

بعد فترة شفت برنامج عن شركة برمجة ألعاب ... كانو عم يجربو لعبة عاملينها كنو الـ PS3 بتتحملها :) ... بيشترو أطعة خاصة من سوني أد الـ PS عمدري كم مرة بالحجم شغلتها مراقبة أداء الكنسول ...

وهلأ طلعولنا باستخدام جديد لها !!! .... مو بس بالفيزيا .. بالبايولوجيا كمان !!! ... بكرا ناسا بتستخدمها منشان دراساتها ... وبتلائي سوني بالشة مقاضاة فيهم بهالمحاكم !!! :) وهالملايين الدولارات عم تطير !!!! :)

[hadid]

هههههههههههههههههه أول ما شفت أنا الصورة قلت شوبو هادا قاعد عم يلتهي بالألعاب ومنها مكفيتو بلايستيشن وحدة !!

التحدي الأصعب والذي يكاد يكون مستحيل هو عمل emulator للps3 يعمل على جهاز الحاسوب العادي !! فتت على كذا صفحة لناس عاملين emulators لكل الألعاب ولل ps2 ول ps1 وقايلين إنو شكلها مستحيلة وإذا قدرو يعملوها بكون بعد سنوات طوال !! يعني بتكون الps3 انقرضت

[الزاهر]

Nuclear Fusion Plasma Movement Method Devised at MIT
Researchers find out how to keep gas temperatures high
By Tudor Vieru, Science Editor
Softpedia


http://news.softpedia.com/images/news2/Nuclear-Fusion-Plasma-Movement-Method-Devised-at-MIT-2.jpg



Keeping the flow of plasma – an electrically-charged stream of gas heated at millions of degrees – has been a major obstacle in the path of developing a sustainable nuclear fusion reaction, as turbulences and drops in temperature interfered with the difficult process of merging the similarly-charged nuclei of two heavy atoms. Scientists at MIT managed to devise a way of keeping the gas moving inside the reactors and to reduce turbulences as well.



Radio waves prove to have a direct effect on the way the plasma flows inside the donut-shaped reactor. Maintaining a stable and steady flow is very difficult, because colder walls force the hot gases to become turbulent and break their circular motion patterns. But the science team proved that harnessing radio-frequency waves and directing them at the plasma flow in a specific manner could stabilize it and make it "tamer."



This could pave the way to a faster implementation of this type of technology, although the researchers in charge of the project warn that some time will still have to pass before a viable plant is established. For their study, MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) physicist, Earl Marmar, division head of the Alcator Project, and researchers Yijun Lin and John Rice used the Alcator C-Mod fusion reactor, one of the largest in the world, which is owned solely by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.



Nuclear fusion offers a great deal of promises for the future, in terms of energy production and consumption. The resources required for this type of technology to operate are abundant, and the world could get rid of its dependency on radioactive uranium. Instead, tritium and deuterium would be used inside reactors, where they would be collided one against the other, a process that would release enormous amounts of energy.



"We've been looking for this effect for many years. Finally, the conditions were just right. Our results are just in time [for ITER]," says Lin. The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, now under construction in France, will closely resemble Alcator C-Mod, with the only difference being the fact that the first will be about 10 times as big.



"There's been a lot of progress. We're learning a lot more about the details of how these things work," Marmar says.

[وسيم أحمد الفلو]

La lampe fluorescente, aussi appelée lampe fluorescente compacte ou plus simplement fluocompacte, est une adaptation du tube industriel à un usage domestique. C'est un tube fluorescent émettant de la lumière, dont le tube est miniaturisé, plié en deux, trois ou quatre, ou encore enroulé, doté d'un culot contenant un ballast électronique.

Elles ont les mêmes avantages que les tubes fluorescents linéaires à la différence près que le tube n'est souvent pas interchangeable.

Sommaire [masquer]
1 Avantages
2 Inconvénients
3 Comparaison des coûts
4 Évolution et utilisation
5 Diversité des caractéristiques
6 Fin de vie
7 Références
8 Annexes
8.1 Articles connexes
8.2 Liens externes



Avantages [modifier]
La lampe à fluorescence a deux avantages par rapport à la lampe à incandescence classique :

un meilleur rendement : la lampe à incandescence a une efficacité de 14 à 25 lumens par watt, alors que la lampe fluorescente a une efficacité de l'ordre de 60 à 70 lumens par watt (ainsi une lampe fluorescente de 11 W produira le même éclairage qu'une lampe à incandescence de 40 à 60 W)
une durée de vie de six à quinze fois plus longue que la lampe à incandescence (soit 6000 à 15000 heures contre 1000 heures).
Ainsi, bien que le prix d'achat soit supérieur à celui d'une lampe à incandescence, ses performances élevées en font un produit attractif à l'usage dès le premier achat pour le particulier. À l'échelle d'une nation, le bénéfice énergétique est important.

l'échauffement étant réduit les risques de dégât du à la chaleur sont réduits proportionnellement (incendie, déformation des luminaires, etc ...)

Inconvénients [modifier]
Les inconvénients des lampes basse consommation sont :

Des recommandations d'utilisation potentiellement contraignantes. En effet, les lampes basse consommation sont prévues pour une alimentation stable (pas de variateur par exemple). Sauf certains modèles, certains fonctionnent avec variateur intégré à leur ballast électronique, mais d'autres fonctionnent avec un variateur classique d'ampoule à incandescence.
Elles donnent un mauvais rendement économique par temps froid tel que les conditions hivernales québécoises moyennes. Elles supportent mal les basses températures et doivent être remplacées plus souvent, augmentant du même coup leur coût d'utilisation. Les ampoules LED sont plus efficaces si la puissance lumineuse nécessaire est réduite dans ce type d'application.
La présence de poudres fluorescentes et d'un gaz à base de vapeur de mercure dans le tube, non dangereuses en cours d'utilisation, fait que ces lampes constituent un déchet dangereux nécessitant une élimination particulière. Des services de récupération existent en 2008, mais sont méconnus du grand public (identification par HG), qui devrait rapporter les anciens tubes aux revendeurs.
Les industriels travaillent activement à la modification de la formulation des substances fluorescentes, de façon à rendre lesdites substances recyclables et moins polluantes.
Une lampe fluorescente est parfois encore plus volumineuse qu'une lampe à incandescence de luminosité équivalente.
Elles ne sont pas disponibles (en 2008) dans toutes les formes correspondantes aux lampes à incandescence à volume égal et donc ne sont pas encore interchangeables (lampe flamme, lampe crayon, lampe spot, etc.).
Elles ne sont pas disponibles (en 2008) dans toutes les nuances de finition existantes pour les lampes à incandescence : lampes claires, lampes opales, lampes aux couleurs nuancées, lampes à culot ou partie supérieure argentés, lampes spot à concentrateur, etc.
Du fait de l'électronique qu'elles contiennent leur utilisation n'est pas recommandée en extérieur, pour des raisons de fiabilité et de sécurité : humidité, exposition aux rayons du soleil, différence de températures.
Certaines utilisations de ces lampes ne sont guère avantageuses pour des raisons économiques et de sécurité, en particulier dans les cas où leur destruction accidentelle pourrait induire un risque pour la santé à l'exemple de la baladeuse.
Label « vert » contesté : Présentement, les tubes fluorescents constituent la majeure partie de l’ensemble de ce type d’éclairage. Il y en aurait 300 millions en utilisation au Canada mais, en 2004 seulement 7 % étaient recyclés, comparativement à 80 % en Europe et 24 % aux États-Unis. Les édifices privés et publics utilisant cet éclairage doivent débourser pour l'élimination appropriée de leurs tubes. Chaque tube contient entre 7 mg et 15 mg de mercure, mais de nouvelles recherches devraient permettre leur suppression[1].
Il faut un certain temps (de l'ordre de quelques dizaines de secondes) aux lampes fluorescentes pour atteindre leur intensité lumineuse optimale. Ce qui n'est pas un problème pour les usages prolongés (par exemple dans les pièces à vivre), mais peut être gênant quand la lampe ne sert que pour de courtes périodes (éclairage de couloir ou d'escalier, sanitaires etc).
Le rendu des couleurs (IRC), de l'ordre de 85, est moins bon que celui d'une lampe incandescente. Certaines couleurs sont déformées, car le spectre de la lumière n'est pas complet. Par exemple, le rendu de la couleur de la peau est altéré.
Elles sont émettrices de parasites radioélectriques[2].
En raison de l'absence quasi généralisée de circuits correcteurs de facteur de puissance dans la partie redresseur des ballasts électroniques incorporés dans leurs culots, ces lampes, absorbent un courant très déformé, conduisant à un taux de distorsion harmonique pouvant attendre 150 % et un facteur de puissance très inférieur à l'unité (de l'ordre de 0,5)[3].
Les modèles récents de qualité minimisent les défauts présentés ci-dessus. Les lampes fluocompactes bon marché ne disposent pas de ces évolutions :

Le temps d'allumage est quasi-immédiat pour certains modèles ; pour d'autres, la montée du flux est très rapide comparé aux anciens modèles.
L'allumage et l'extinction trop répétitive de la lampe diminue la durée de vie de celle-ci.
La rumeur d'émission d'UV est fausse car la couche fluorescente de la lampe absorbe les UV et réémet de la lumière visible (morceaux de spectre continu).

Comparaison des coûts [modifier]

Lampe fluorescente compacteLeur prix, comparé à celui des lampes fluorescentes classiques, est assez élevé. Il a cependant fortement diminué et se situait en 2002 aux alentours de 7 euros la lampe de 15 W (équivalent lampe à incandescence de 75 W) pour 8 000 heures d'utilisation environ et plus.

Un tel prix reste toutefois un investissement rentable : leur durée de vie est supérieure à celle des ampoules à filament (dont la durée de vie est souvent inférieure à 1000 h, il faudrait donc les comparer au prix de six à dix lampes a incandescences). De plus, elles consomment 5 à 6 fois moins, divisant par autant la facture d'électricité.
Une étude effectuée par EDF estime que les lampes basses consommation reviennent 2,5 fois moins cher que les lampes classiques en fonctionnement. Le retour sur investissement est bien réel et rapide ; il varie toutefois selon les performances plus ou moins avancées du modèle considéré[réf. nécessaire].


Évolution et utilisation [modifier]
Ces lampes sont apparues sur le marché au début des années 1980, proposées par le groupe hollandais Philips. Elles pénètrent peu à peu le marché des lampes électriques domestiques, dominé par les lampes à incandescence classique et, dans une moindre mesure, par les lampes à incandescence halogène. En 2001, 44% des foyers français utilisent au moins une lampe basse consommation (étude Sofres). Les consommateurs, en ce début de XXIe siècle, de plus en plus sensibilisés, commencent à prendre conscience des enjeux écologiques et économiques que peut représenter l'utilisation de ce type de lampes électriques. Les responsables politiques, quant à eux, sont en pleine réflexion.

En France, l'éclairage domestique représenterait de 0,6 % à 1,2 % de la consommation totale d'énergie du pays en 2006[4].


Diversité des caractéristiques [modifier]
Une lampe d'éclairage est caractérisée par le flux de lumière, le rendement lumineux, le rendu des couleurs (IRC), la température de couleur, la durée de vie, le prix, la forme et la taille, le nombre de cycles marche/arrêt et son impact environnemental.

La famille des lampes fluorescentes est hétéroclite. Les caractéristiques varient de manière importante d'un modèle à l'autre, chaque modèle optimisant telle ou telle caractéristique.

Il n'y a donc pas de valeur standard ou de référence pour ce type de lampe. Par exemple, la durée de vie est de 5 000 heures pour un modèle simple à plus de 20 000 heures pour un modèle sophistiqué. Le rendement lumineux est également variable (du simple au double). La durée de vie dépend également fortement du type d'utilisation (éclairage continu ou intermittent).


Fin de vie [modifier]
Parfois, en fin de vie, le plastique à proximité des bouts du tube fond en émettant une odeur de plastique brûlé. Au cours de la vie de l'ampoule, les électrodes, à force de migrer des électrons pour maintenir l'arc, s'amincissent, augmentant du coup l'effet de résistance et deviennent de plus en plus chaudes. De plus, l'arc se maintient de moins en moins bien. À un moment donnée, le plastique fond et souvent la lampe s'éteint pour ne plus se rallumer. En 2008, un système devrait être ajouté pour bloquer la lampe avant ce phénomène indésirable.

La lampe usagée ne doit pas être jetée aux ordures ménagères, car elle est polluante à cause du mercure qu'elle contient (même si la tendance est à la réduction de la quantité de ce métal), des composants électroniques, du plomb dans le verre ainsi que des dépôts dus à la transformation du gaz fluorescent. Le recyclage de cette lampe dans un circuit spécialisé est donc indispensable pour limiter l'impact sur l'environnement. La plupart du temps, le revendeur reprendra les lampes usagées.